Appraisal Systems in Human Resources

Appraisal Systems in Human Resources

Philosophy of methodology:

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According to Midgley (2000), philosophy is a crucial process in the methodology design that aids in identification of a system for adoption in the methodology of a research that has no dependence on other systems. The philosophy identifies the process, the content, language, and knowledge of the methodology needed for a given research. In addition, philosophy aids in making judgements that outline the boundaries of the research methodology process (Chiara, 1997).

The philosophy of methodology demands that the methodology adopted for research be stated. After the statement, of the methodology, an analysis of the methodology takes place and an explanation of the methodology accompanies the analysis process. However, the methodology needs a support. This support occurs through presentation of arguments that favour the adopted methodology for the research work. Moreover, situations may arise in which objections to the adopted methodology emerge. To counter this, philosophy of methodology demands an extensive examination of possible objections. A comparison of the available methods for adoption in the research work assists in the examination of objection to a methodology adopted. Finally, there is a need for development of a clear response to the methodology objections (Woolf, 1975).

Rationale of qualitative methodology:

The significance of any research in the education field is the acquisition of a nonexistent knowledge. The most commonly used approaches include the qualitative and quantitative methods (Rocco, Bliss, Gallagher, and Perez-Prado, 2003). The qualitative approach addresses human or existing social problem. The approach employs the use of enquiry process that has a characterization of establishment of a holistic and complex picture by use of words. Further, the approach conducts research in a natural setting, and informants provide the raw data that is analysed. On the other hand, quantitative approach aims at theory testing. This includes all variables determined by use of numbers. The data gathered finds analysis through the use of available statistical tools for analysis (Freedman, 2005).

Qualitative method is a subjective research approach, which has a characterization of identification of new knowledge (Appleton, Briggs, and Rhatigan, 1978), participation in the fieldwork, and use of the researcher as the key source of primary data. In the research process, the personnel conducting the research aim at getting the meaning of existence of a phenomenon and nature of reality. Moreover, the researchers have limited concerns on the outcomes and have more concerns of the research process. Qualitative method finds use as a descriptive study approached in an inductive manner (Greene and Caracelli, 2003). However, the analysis of qualitative data may use statistical tools that aid in making accurate inferences concerning the collected data (Collier, 2005).

Rationale of mixed methodology:

According to Axinn and Pearce (2006), mixed method of data gathering encompasses a combination of several methods for the data gathering process. These methods incorporated include interviews, use of questionnaires, and observation (University of Nebraska, 2005). The use of mixed method in data gathering process is beneficial since information from one data gathering method is integrated to another data gathering method (Sieber, 1973). The adoption of mixed method in the social research work is a key step that ensures credibility of the collected data. The credibility arises due to benefits withdrawn from the use of mixed methodology. First, mixed methodology eliminates possibility of replication of bias from one method to another (Campbell and Fiske’s, 1959). This occurs since each method data gathering process is independent.

Secondly, non-sampling error that occurs during the data gathering process is minimized to maximum (Brannen, n.d). The minimization occurs since the multiple sources of the data avails redundant information for the data gathering process. Finally, mixed method creates a room of gathering information, which was not captured through the use of other methods (Crotty, 1998). As such, mixed method ensures that data collection process has effectiveness, and the data collected have an element of reliability and it is of high quality. In addition, since independent methods of data collections have inherent weaknesses and strengths, mixed-method aids in counterbalancing this effect and the result is an effective data collection strategy (Thapa and Burtch, 1991).

How to collect the data:

In data collection process, questionnaires will be formulated. The questionnaires will consist of questions that will elicit a response from the respondent. The questions include factual questions, questions based on the desired information, questions directed to self-perception of the respondent, opinion and attitude based questions, and projective questions (Powell, 2004).

The questionnaires that will have to be disseminated will be scaled. This will aid in obtaining the desired response from the respondents. The questionnaires context will have uniformity for better results that will aid in an effective analysis of the trends of the sample population responses. In addition, the questionnaire will contain cross check questions to aid in data analysis. The sample population to respond to questionnaires needs prior examination for identification of any limitations or barriers of ineffectiveness of the questionnaire.

The data collection procedure begins with the establishment of a pre-test for the questionnaire. This is a necessary step that aids in identification of the complexity of the questionnaires to be administered. Pre-test also aids in the formulation of measures to overcome research limitations. This occurs since, in the process of pre-test, possible challenges for the research work are effectively identified.

Secondary data for the research work come from the written word. This data source comprises of company database, articles related to the research, various journals, browsing of the information on the internet, and exclusive reading of academic publications. As such, the researcher needs to carry out extensive reading in order to develop the necessary inference and gather relevant data necessary for the research.

However, the respondents for the questionnaires and the people to be interviewed need a careful selection to elicit reliable and high quality information (tool 6 n.d). Data collected has a base on the information gathered from the respondents. Therefore, the attitude and perception of the respondents towards the research, and willingness of the respondents to participate in the research affects the credibility of the data collected extensively.

Justification of the method:

Qualitative research is a subjective method for data collection that aids in identification of new knowledge. On the other hand, quantitative research limits the chances of new knowledge discovery. Qualitative research creates an opportunity for discovery of the meaning and understanding of the issues that relate to social life or human beings behaviour (Manning, 1992). This occurs since qualitative research has an element of descriptive and the respondents provide data deemed to reflect personal perceptions. Moreover, rapport and trust play a significant role in the data collection process in any kind of research. Qualitative research benefits in establishing the two elements in data collection process. As such, the data collected has an element of reliability.

The questionnaires use scales to aid in achieving the desired response from the respondents (Groves, Fowler, Couper, and Singer, 2009). Respondents’ reflections come out clearly, when questionnaires find use in the research work. As such, the respondents give individual perception on the research topic. This is a significant technique of collecting information that has a correlation to the social aspect of human beings. The incorporation of interviews in the research work aid in creating an environment of trust between the interviewee and interviewer. As such, the information collected has a high level of accuracy and reliability.

Mixed method for research work aids in combining several methods to collect the same kind of data. The method ensures that data has no element of bias and that research errors occur rarely. The method creates room for use of both primary and secondary data collection method for the research. The use of several methods in collecting the same data aids in ensuring that the collected data has an element of credibility. Therefore, mixed method provides for checking of any ambiguity in the data collected.

Rationale of data collection:

The data collection for the research comprises use of both primary and secondary data collection methods. The primary data collection method includes use of questionnaires and interviews to collect information. On the other hand, the secondary data collection will involve extensive literature reading from company articles, journals, academic publications, and browsing from the internet.

Questionnaires and interviews:          

In the data collection process, questionnaires administering will occur. In this, the respondent will be given the questionnaires to fill. The period for filling the questionnaires has a limitation of six hours. This provides enough time for the respondent to fill the questionnaire and return, and collection of the filled questionnaires. On the same note, the time prevents emergence of situations in which the respondents may discuss the questionnaires.

Interviews will take place in the process of data collection. The interviews will comprise of structured questions that will aid in effectiveness in collecting of the desired data for the research (Weller and Romney, 1988). The kind of the interview will consists of personal interview for the research being carried. Interviews that will take place have a limitation of thirty minutes in each session. This ensures that the research utilizes the time allocated effectively. The location of interviews will vary depending on the organisation in which the research is taking place.

Limitation of the data collection:

The limitation of use of questionnaires for data collection lies on the fact that respondents may not cooperate. That is, respondents may fail to fill the questionnaire or return the questionnaire after filling. Interviews limitation has basis of time consumption and inability of the respondent to provide reliable information. Secondary data limitation occurs since the researcher use data that he or she never participated in the collection process.

Sample size:

The sample population of interest is 100 employees and 10 senior staff in an organisation. The selection of the sample population will occur randomly. However, attention will be paid to respondents social traits so that the respondent gives accurate and reliable data. The research will take place in sample of 5 selected organizations.

Primary data collection:

Observation is a key method of data collection. The method finds a wide application in scientific data collection process. Since the data needed falls on sociology field, observation is limited as a means of data gathering for the research. As such, questionnaires find a wide application in the collection of data in the sociology field. The methods employed for data gathering using questionnaires include phone conversation, face-to-face interview, and through posting of the questionnaires (Opdenakker, 2006). On these three methods, the research makes use of face-to-face interview and posting of questionnaires. Phone conversation method has no application since the method is quite expensive, and the sample of the population is inadequate to act as a representative sample of the research. Face-to-face interview finds a wide application since the respondents will have a chance to comprehend the questions, seek for clarification, and the method attains an element of consistency. Posting of a questionnaire to respondent introduces an element of economy in the research since there is no need of an interviewer. As such, the method finds a wide application in the data gathering process (Ferrell and Hartline, 2008).

Questionnaires for research work appear in either open, or closed forms. The use of closed questionnaires has a preference to open questionnaires for the data collection process of research. This is due to the fact that, open questionnaires creates a room for each respondent to give a differing view on the question asked. As such, the summarizing process of the data gathered becomes difficult. On the other hand, closed questionnaires give the respondent alternatives to chose in order to answer the question. Therefore, the summarization of obtained data becomes an easy task for the researcher, and communication takes place effectively (Marr, 2005).

Secondary data collection:

Secondary data depict information analysed by an individual who did not carry out the actual research work (Boslaugh, n.d). The data bring economy and saving of time in the research work. These two elements develop since the research has already being carried out and the data established. Therefore, the research has a crucial role of taking the data and analysing it for development of accurate concepts needed in the study. In addition, secondary data has a wide availability. As such, the researcher finds an easier time to carry out the intended analysis of the data. However, secondary data has a limitation of not answering the question that a researcher seeks to answer. This occurs since the first person to collect the data had personal goals for data collection. As such, the goals may not necessarily exhibit a similarity. Therefore, the subsequent researcher faces the challenge of analysing data mostly not related to the study question.

Nevertheless, secondary data is a reliable means for development of solutions that rise in all aspects of human life. The researcher needs to develop a question that needs an answer. This step aids in locating the most effective secondary data that need study to answer the developed query. In addition, before basing an argument on the secondary data, the researcher needs to find out what has been done since the release of the secondary data (Stead, 2001).

Data analysis:

The data analysis process will consist of employing mathematical and statistical tools on the data, to allow inferences with respect to the data gathered. The procedure that will find application begins with summarization of all the responses from the data collection techniques employed, grouping the responses, and coding the same in SPSS programs. The SPSS will aid in transforming the raw data into visual forms of the data, which include graphs and charts. The trends that visual data will depict will have to be analysed.

SPSS program gives descriptive statistics; this will aid in identifying the correlation of the gathered data. Correlation depiction will also occur after computation of the frequency tables for the collected data. In addition, establishment of the dependent and independent variables correlation will occur after running crossbars between the two variables. Finally, factor analysis will aid in establishing any kind of similarities of the group of the variables of the data (Ratcliff n.d).

Limitation of the study:

One of the key limitations of the study is the use of secondary data. This limits the effectiveness of the research since the researcher did not take part in the design of the data collection process or collecting the data. Bias from the researcher introduces another effective limitation to the study. This occurs since the researcher has a previous knowledge on the study topic. As such, the researcher makes judgement based on what he or she knows concerning the topic and ignores the research findings. Finally, the respondents may pose a challenge in the research work. In this, respondents may fail to answer the questionnaires or return the questionnaires after filling. In addition, respondents may decline to offer reliable information or interact with the researcher during interview sessions.

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