How to Write a Research Proposal

How to Write a Research Proposal

Do you also find writing a research paper a dreadful task?

To write a successful research paper, you need to know how to write a research proposal in a way that the thesis committee accepts and approves it.

Contents

• 1. What is a Research Proposal?
  • 1.1 Research Proposal Definition
• 2. Research Proposal Outline
  • 2.1 Research Proposal Template
  • 2.2 Research Proposal Format
• 3. How to Write a Research Proposal?
  • 3.1 Title
  • 3.2 Abstract
  • 3.3 Introduction
  • 3.4 Literature Review
  • 3.5 Significance of the Research
  • 3.6 Research Methodology
  • 3.7 Research Objectives
  • 3.8 Ethical Considerations
  • 3.9 Research Limitations
  • 3.10 Result
  • 3.11 Discussion
  • 3.12 Citation
  • 3.13 Proofreading
• 4. Research Proposal Example
  • 4.1 Research Proposal
  • 4.2 Research Proposal Sample
  • 4.3 Research Proposal Example APA
• 5. Research Proposal Topics

1. What is a Research Proposal?

A research proposal is a concise summary of your research paper. It creates the general idea of your research by highlighting the questions and issues you are going to address in your paper.

For writing it, demonstrate the uniqueness of your research paper. This is the first draft that demonstrates your skills to conduct research.

To clarify the concept further, it is the most important document as it tells how you will successfully conduct complex research by communicating your clear and concise ideas.

1.1 Research Proposal Definition

A detailed definition is,

A research proposal is a document written with the goal of presenting and justifying your interest and need for conducting research on a particular topic. It must highlight the benefits and outcomes of the proposed study, supported by persuasive evidence.

2. Research Proposal Outline

Sometimes students don’t realize how important a research paper proposal is and just end up putting all the information together without following the basic outline or thinking this through.

To summarize its importance, if you want a successful research project, you need to write a great proposal for it.

Before starting with the outline, you need to understand the basic components. It goes without saying that a clear outline is important when it comes to presenting the literature review and writing the entire paper.

2.1 Research Proposal Template

It might seem like a dreadful task and especially for the students who are new to this. It requires good writing as well as research skills. Here is a sample template to further explain the outline.

Continue reading to know more about proposal writing.

2.2 Research Proposal Format

Your proposal proposal should have enough data and information to persuade and convince your readers regarding the significance of your research. Here is a basic format you can follow while writing your proposal.

• Title
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Research Methodology
• Result
• Discussion
• Citation

3. How to Write a Research Proposal

Now you have the basic outline you can follow. Let’s discuss how to write it by following the format mentioned above.

3.1 Title

Your proposal title should be concise and clear to indicate your research question. The title is the first thing that your reader is going to read. A catchy yet informative title will attract readers.

Your readers should know what to expect in the paper after reading the title. Your title should clearly indicate the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Avoid writing titles in a general perspective or phrases like “An investigation of …” or “A review of …” etc. Make it concise and well defined.

3.2 Abstract

The abstract is a short summary that is around 100-250 words. The abstract should include the research question, hypothesis of your research (if there is any), the research methodology and findings.

If the proposal is detailed then it will require a section of the table of contents after the abstract.

3.3 Introduction

You need to start with a strong introduction. The introduction is written to provide a background or context related to your research problem. It is important to frame the research question while writing the proposal.

Your entire proposal will revolve around your research question. If the research question is not specific and has a very general literature review, then your proposal might seem insignificant. A specific research question will make your research focused on.

However, there is no one way to frame your research question. Start the introduction with a general statement related to the problem area you are focusing on and the justification for your study.

The introduction usually covers the following elements.

• What is the purpose of your research or study?
• Mention the background information and significance before you introduce your research question.
• Introduce your research question in a way that its significance is highlighted by setting the stage for it.
• Briefly mention the issues that you are going to discuss and highlight in your study.
• Make sure that you identify the independent and dependent variables in the title of your study.
• If there is a hypothesis or a theory related to your research, state it in the introduction.

Have a very clear and concise idea related to your research to make sure you do not deviate from the boundaries set for your study. A clear idea will help you craft a perfect thesis. Here is how you can create a crisp and interesting thesis introduction along with a basic guideline.

3.4 Literature Review

As per the requirements of your instructor, you can incorporate the literature review in the introduction or create a separate section for the review. A separate section dedicated to the literature review will allow you to conduct extensive background research and support your research question with ample proof from credible sources and research.

The following are the basic purposes of the literature review.

• To give reference to the researchers whose study has been a part of your research.
• To help you construct a precise and clear research question.
• To critically evaluate previous literature information related to your research.
• To understand research issues relevant to the topic of your research.
• To convince the reader that your research is an important contribution to the relevant niche.

A literature review is an important component. However, there are some common mistakes that students make while reviewing the literature.

• Lack of organization and coherence.
• No proper structure.
• Lack of focus on the topic.
• Not citing the papers and researchers properly.
• Not including the recent studies relevant to the topic.
• Trivial citation

Keep your literature review organized by adding a subheading to maintain a smooth flow in the content. Reading literature review might seem boring to a few people. Try not to bore your readers and your instructor, or the committee.. Write it in an engaging manner.

3.5 Significance of the Research

The significance of your research will identify the importance of your work. It should be mainly stated in the introductory paragraph. You must highlight how your research is beneficial to the development of science and society in general. Similarly, you can also state its contribution to the field in both the broader and narrow sense.

3.6 Research Methodology

This section explains how you are going to conduct your research and the method you choose for your research question. Explain why the specific method is suitable for your research and how will it help you attain your research goals. Your research methodology will give you an organized plan for the research.

Mention sufficient information regarding your research methodology for readers to understand how you are conducting your research. It must contain enough information regarding the study for another researcher to implement it.

Choose the type of research methodology that is suitable for your research. Quantitative research is suitable for projects involving collecting and analysis of statistical data like that in social sciences, medicine, and psychology. Qualitative type is used in a theoretical type of research like that in literature. Some research involves both; if your research topic also involves an analysis of both the statistical data and theory, then make sure that you use them appropriately.

For a qualitative approach, the method section of your proposal needs to be more detailed and elaborate as compared to the one in the quantitative approach. How you will collect your data and analyze it according to the qualitative approach should be described with great care.

When you choose a quantitative approach for your research, the method section should contain answers to the following elements.

Design – Is it a laboratory experiment or a survey?

What are the sample size and the subject of your study?

What is the procedure of your study and how will you carry out the activities involved in it?

Describe your questionnaire or the instruments you will be using in the experiment.

Have detailed knowledge of all the research methodologies to justify your approach towards the research problem.

3.7 Research Objectives

Your research objectives will clearly concise what the writer is trying to achieve. Moreover, these aims and objectives must be achievable. It means that it must be framed according to the:

• Available time
• Infrastructure
• Other important resources.

However, it is beneficial to read all the developments in the field and find research gaps before deciding your objective. It will help you come up with suitable aims for your projects.

3.8 Ethical Considerations

It is an essential part of your outline. Researchers need to consider ethical values while conducting research work. Furthermore, you also have to be very careful in the data collection process and need to respect the rights of the participants.

They should not subject to harm in any way. Similarly, full consent should be obtained from them prior to the study.

Lastly, it is the moral duty of the writer to promise complete confidentiality so that they feel comfortable while sharing information.

3.9 Research Limitations

The research limitations indicate the flaws and shortcomings of your research. These may include:

• Unavailability of resources.
• Small sample size
• Wrong methodology

Listing the limitations shows your honesty and complete understanding of the topic.

3.10 Result

You won’t be having any results of your experiment while you are writing the proposal. In this section, you can describe how you will analyze your research question; present hypothesis based on the data you have collected in the research.

3.11 Discussion

Describe what will be the potential impact of your research and highlight the reasons of choosing the respective topic. Don’t exaggerate the merits of your research just to enhance the significance in the eyes of the readers.

Also, mention the limitations of your study in terms of lack of time, resources and budget; mention its scope for future study.

3.12 Citation

Don’t forget the citation section.You don’t want to get blamed for plagiarism. Always give references to the authors and the literature you have studied for your research.

There are two ways to cite your sources.

Reference – List the literature that you have used in your proposal.

Bibliography – List everything that you have studied, cited or not, while doing your study or while writing.

Follow a specific format for the citation section as instructed by your supervisor. It can be written in APA, MLA, Chicago or Harvard style. Both references and bibliography included in it.

Why Research Proposals Get Rejected?

An analysis of 500 rejected proposals allowed us to identify the common blunders made in them.

These blunders caused the rejection of otherwise promising research.

• The proposal stated a flawed hypothesis.
• The professor doubts the research will not bring new or useful results.
• The plan mentioned in the proposal lacks details and is unrealistic.
• It lacks coherence.
• The results obtained, or the hypothesis,from the chosen method will be inaccurate.
• The review of literature is not done correctly.
• Sufficient time was not devoted to writing the proposal.
• The proposal is copied or has been used by many other students in the past.

These are the common ways that result in rejection.

If you desire to make it shine, stick to your instructor’s guidelines and stay away from committing these mistakes. They will kill the purpose and effort you have put into your proposal and tarnish your reputation also.

The Perfect Strategy to Maximize Acceptance of the Research Proposal

None wants the proposal to be rejected in the first place. The acceptance gives you a head start.

Your writing style is significant in this regard; it will decide if your proposal is accepted or not.

Always proceed to establish a declarative writing format. Never use informal vocabulary or overused idioms and passive verbs. Typos, spelling mistakes and poor grammar casts a negative impact on the professor.

If you don’t have perfect grammatical skills, you can never write a brilliant piece of paper.

3.13 Proofreading

Many students prefer not to proofread the proposal after completion, which is a grave mistake If you proofread the paper on your own, you may fail to identify the mistakes. Use online tools or have a helping hand from your friend to give it a good read.

In the end, edit the document as per the needs.

4. Research Proposal Example

Looking for some helpful and detailed research proposal examples to get you started? Examples are great for a quick understanding of how something works or is written, in our case. The examples and samples added here will help you in formulating a functional outline for your proposal and prepare your document easily.

To clarify the concept further, here is an example following the outline mentioned above.

4.1 Research Proposal (PDF)

Here is another complete research paper proposal sample to help you write a research proposal.

You can also read our blog about research paper outline for better understanding.

5. Research Proposal Topics

You can take ideas for your topic from books, journals, previously done researches and dissertations.

Here are a few topics you can choose from.

1. How technology has evolved the English language over the last 10 years?
2. What are the effects of individualism in British literature?
3. How Feminism has helped women get their rights over the last decade?
4. Fall of the Roman empire and its effects.
5. What factors caused World War II?
6. Effects of World War II on diplomacy.
7. Can cultural differences affect social interactions?
8. How violent video games have affected brain development among children?
9. How does alcohol affect aggression among few people?
10. Is death penalty effective?

Psychology Research Proposal Topics

This domain of science deals with the human brain, emotions, feelings, mood, behavior, etc. Therefore, you can easily find lots of captivating topics. Consider the following ones:

• Mental ailments and their dependence on the process of aging.
• The relation between punishment and sexual offends.
• How do people form their habits and how can they be changed?
• The importance of music on the personal growth of children.
• Bipolar disorder and its effect on the human’s behavior.
• Why does alcohol consumption make some people overly aggressive from the psychology viewpoint?

Sociology Research Proposal Topics

Sociology deals with human interaction. It is always interesting to figure out how people collaborate and resolve different problems. Take a look at the next concepts:

• How does a dress code in schools affect students?
• How to define the right meaning of moral in the current society?
• Does reading enhance social ties?
• Reasons for racial conflicts and how to overcome them.
• Should every student be treated individually?
• How do cultural differences affect social interaction?

Criminology Research Proposal Topics

That is a rather delicate theme. Not all people like it. However, the circumstances may leave you no other choice. Review our proposals:

• Is the death penalty the appropriate measure for the gravest offenses?
• The main reasons why students become involved in crimes and how to prevent such cases.
• What is the validity of social learning theory?
• How can one reduce the cases of crime through the study of criminal behavior?
• Effective measures to make people stop taking drugs.
• The psychology of a criminal: Why do people commit crimes?

Business Research Proposal Topics

Many people conduct their own business. It helps to earn money, fame and show how clever you are. Consequently, millions of students from different corners of the planet attend business schools and colleges. Consider such suggestions:

• Why do small businesses suffer and remain in the shadow of big enterprises?
• What is the place of ethics in business and how can it positively affect it?
• Effective methods to identify and prevent bankruptcy.
• The value of a marketing campaign and how to implement it effectively.
• Methods to identify fraud to fight it back.
• Why do developing countries suffer from the process of globalization?

Political Science Research Proposal Topics

One should never forget about politics. The political industry rules the world. Learn it and try to cover such aspects as:

• Approved measures to conquer terrorism.
• Essential levers to regulate inner politics.
• Should all states in the U.S.A. have the same constitution and laws?
• The main impediments of ethnic policy in Africa.
• Can politicians help with religious confrontation?
• Modern liberalism and conservatism: The main similarities and differences.

List of Research Proposal Topics in Education

1. 21st Century Approaches to Education
2. A Review and Analysis of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
3. Addressing learner diversity in elementary schools.
4. Advantages and Disadvantages to Standardized Testing in the United States
5. Alternative factors to college success.
6. Can teachers tell small kids about the negative aspects of life?
7. Career development programs in elementary schools.
8. Challenges of curriculum development in elementary schools.
9. Character development programs in elementary schools.
10. Do schools need to ban typing lectures?
11. Do we have to return to the same-sex classes to improve students’ performance?
12. Do we still need grades at school? Other ways to monitor and improve students’ performance.
13. Early education of children from low-income backgrounds
14. Educating infants and toddlers with learning disabilities.
15. Effect of a family income on a student’s S.A.T. score.
16. Factors affecting freshman admissions to UCLA.
17. Factors that affect the grade a student receives in a class.
18. Financial aid and its affect on grade point averages.
19. How can teachers ‘protect’ their students from procrastinating?
20. How can teachers help their students overcome the psychological pressure in class?
21. How can teachers raise their students’ self-esteem and what are the reasons to do so?
22. Issues in early childhood assessments.
23. Job-embedded Learning: How Teachers Learn from One Another During the Workday
24. Perks of Early Literacy
25. Promoting parent volunteering in elementary schools.
26. Relatedness of work on the graduation rate.
27. The amount of time students spend on commuting.
28. The best ways to benefit from a course you don’t like.
29. The effect of family income on grade point averages for UCLA students.
30. The effects of commuting to school on a student’s academic performance.
31. The impact of family involvement on academic achievements.
32. The studying techniques that should be banned from school.
33. The studying techniques useful for both students and teachers.
34. The ways of estimating student physical activity at school.
35. The ways students should be taught about their health.
36. The ways to talk about sexual education without making anyone uncomfortable.
37. Understanding coach education.
38. What newest trends of psychology should teachers use to improve the class performance.
39. Why does educational process depend equally on students and teachers? How can both parties make it more effective?

These were only several topics for certain subjects. Use them as an example to craft your own effective topics. Look for some other options to have a richer choice and impress your academic supervisor with mature and relevant themes.

If you want to know more about finding a topic for your research paper and research paper topic examples, here is a list of interesting research paper topics..

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How to Write a Research Proposal